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(This is an early version of part of a report to the Royal Society by the Joint Permanent Eclipse Committee. The latest date mentioned in it is 14 July 1919, and the report was received by the Society on 30 October and read on 6 November.)

(The words ‘Broadcast—Calcutta’ have been added above the title and struck through. Cf. Douglas, pp. 105-6. Two lectures of the same title are listed in D2/3.)

These papers are both in Eddington’s own hand.

In 1912 Eddington led an expedition from the Royal Observatory to Brazil to observe and photograph a total eclipse of the sun. These letters contain an account of the expedition. Eddington specifically asked his mother to preserve the letters because he was keeping no other record of events (see A2/5), and she seems to have been careful in carrying out his request, as the sequence is probably complete. The letters are numbered from 1 to 9 in a contemporary hand, and the ninth letter, finished when the writer was about three days’ sail from home, was almost certainly the last. These letters formed the basis of the account in Eddington’s Notebook (Add. MS b. 48, ff. 96–102), and they were consulted by Douglas, who quoted from A2/8 (pp. 18–19).

Eddington and his assistants C. R. Davidson and J. J. Atkinson left Southampton aboard the steamship Arlanza on 30 August and arrived at Rio de Janeiro on 16 September, where they were joined by T. N. Lee, an Englishman deputed by the Brazilian Government to assist them, and J. H. Worthington, an amateur astronomer. Six days later the party arrived at Passa Quatro, their chosen observation point—preferred to other possible sites at Cruxeiro, Christina, and Alfenas—and on 3 October they were joined by two volunteers, Leslie Andrews and O. Couto de Aguirre. A local man, Pierre Seux, also volunteered to help by counting seconds during totality. The eclipse took place on the 10th, but unfortunately observations of the phenomenon were prevented by rain and the expedition was largely unsuccessful. Eddington and his companions left Passa Quatro on 20 October and sailed for home on the Danube on the 23rd. The date of their arrival in England is not recorded, but towards the end of the voyage they were expecting to be at Southampton on 10 November. A report of the expedition, by Eddington and Davidson, was printed in MNRAS (lxxiii, 386–90) the following year. Notes also appeared in The Observatory, xxxv (1912), 328–30, 410, and xxxvi (1913), 62–5.

In 1919 two expeditions were dispatched from Britain to observe a total eclipse of the sun, the object being to test Einstein’s general law of relativity by determining what effect, if any, is produced when the path of a ray of light crosses a gravitational field. One party, comprising A. C. D. Crommelin and C. Davidson, went to Sobral, a town in the north of Brazil; the other, comprising Eddington and E. T. Cottingham, went to Principe, a small island off the west coast of Africa. The present group of letters, written by Eddington to his mother and sister, contains an account of his part in the latter expedition.

The four observers left Liverpool together aboard the steamship Anselm on 8 March and arrived at Madeira on the 12th, where they parted. Crommelin and Davidson went on to Brazil aboard the Anselm, while Eddington and Davidson were obliged to stay at Madeira till 9 April, when they recommenced their journey aboard the Portugal. They arrived at S. Antonio in Principe on the 23rd. After inspecting various possible sites on the island, they settled on Roça Sundy, the headquarters of a plantation owned by Senhor Carneiro, and their baggage was transported there on the 28th. They spent a week preparing the equipment, before returning to S. Antonio for the week 6–13 May; they then went back to Sundy to continue their preparations. The eclipse took place on 29 May. On 12 June the observers left Principe on the steamship Zaire. After changing ships at Lisbon, they arrived at Liverpool on 14 July. A report of the expeditions was communicated to the Royal Society on 30 October and printed the following year (Philosophical Transactions A, vol. ccxx (1920), pp. 291–333). A draft by Eddington of the part of the report relating to the Principe expedition will be found at C1/3.

The note accompanying these papers (B4/8) begins as follows: ‘This card folder contains a small number of loose and partly unidentified sheets that were separated from the otherwise orderly arrangement of the Eddington papers that had been in the hands of Professor N. B. Slater.’ There follows a brief description of the three letters (B4/5–7) and the sheets in Eddington’s hand (B4/1–9). Eddington’s manuscripts have been listed as nine items. The first (B4/1) forms a sequence of four sheets numbered from 36 to 39, formerly stapled together, as Dewhirst’s note records. The first sheet was marked by Slater in red biro: ‘(Attached to MS §a).’, apparently referring to B3/1, which comprises thirty-five sheets, though the character represented by the section-mark is indistinct. The next three items also appear to form distinct sequences, possibly all from the same doc-ument: B4/2, comprising six sheets numbered from 3 to 8; B4/3, two sheets, of which the second, unnumbered, clearly follows the first, which is numbered 10; and B4/4, comprising two sheets numbered 12 and 13. The remaining five sheets have been listed singly (B4/5–9). The first two of these contain similar tables on the back. The folder, which was simply marked with a ringed ‘A’, has been discarded.

§ 1. The uncertainty of the origin.
§ 2. The physical origin.
§ 3. The Bernoulli fluctuation.
§ 4. The standard of length.
§ 5. Range of nuclear forces and the recession of the galaxies.
§ 6. Spherical space.
§ 7. Uranoids.
§ 8. The extraneous standard.
§ 9. Scale-free physics.
§ 10. Pseudo-discrete states.
§ 11. Stabilisation.

§ 79. The EF-frame.
§ 80. Chirality of a double frame.
§ 81. The interchange operator.
§ 82. Duals.
§ 83. The CD-frame.
§ 84. Double-wave vectors.
§ 85. The 136-dimensional phase space.
§ 86. Uranoid and aether.
§ 87. The Riemann-Christoffel tensor.
§ 88. The de Sitter universe.
§ 89. The tensor identities.
§ 90. The contracted Riemann-Christoffel tensor.
§ 91. States and interstates.
§ 92. The recalcitrant terms.

§ 93. The metastable states of hydrogen.
§ 94. Neutrium and deuterium.
§ 95. Mass of the neutron.
§ 96. Double intracules.
§ 97. Comparison with field theory.
§ 98. Mass of the deuterium atom.
§ 99. Mass of the helium atom.
§ 100. The separation constant of isobaric doublets.
§ 101. Isotopic spin.
§ 102. Radii of nuclei.
§ 103. The nuclear planoid.
§ 104. Mass of the mesotron.

§ 113. Gauge transformations (molar theory).
§ 114. Action invariants.
§ 115. Gauge transformations (microscopic theory).
§ 116. Indices of wave tensors.
§ 117. Magnetic moments.
§ 118. Magnetic moment of the hydrogen atom.
§ 119. Magnetic moment of the neutron.

(There is no § 120.)

§ 121. Radiation by a moving electron.
§ 122. Transition probabilities.
§ 123. Compton scattering.
§ 124. Transverse self energy of a particle.

§ 41. The symbolic frame.
§ 42. Miscellaneous properties of the E-symbols.
§ 43. Equivalence and chirality.
§ 44. Rotations.
§ 45. Effective and ineffective relativity transforma-tions.
§ 46. Real and imaginary symbols.
§ 47. Distinction between space and time.
§ 48. Neutral space-time.
§ 49. Strain vectors.
§ 50. Determinants and eigenvalues.

(Drafted Mar. 1943; revised Dec. 1943. The chapter number has been altered in pencil to ‘VI’.)

§ 31. Time.
§ 32. The weight function.
§ 33. The genesis of proper mass.
§ 34. Determination of m0.
§ 35. Exclusion.
§ 36. The negative energy levels.
§ 37. The planoid.
§ 38. Interchange of extracules.
§ 39. Non-Coulombian energy.
§ 40. Calculated values of the molar and nuclear constants.

§ 12. Object-fields.
§ 13. The rigid field convention.
§ 14. Separation of particle and field energy.
§ 15. Application to scale-free systems.
§ 16. Standard carriers.
§ 17. Mass-ratio of the proton and electron.
§ 18. The fine-structure constant.
§ 19. Rigid coordinates.
§ 20. Unsteady states.
§ 21. The inversion of energy.

(Drafted Dec. 1942; revised Aug. 1943.)

§ 73. Angular momentum.
§ 74[a]. The metastable states of hydrogen.
§ 75[a]. The symbolic frame in relative space.
§ 76. Reality conditions in relative space.
§ 75[b]. The symbolic frame in relative space.
§ 74[b]. The differential wave equation.

Memoranda.

Chapter III: Multiplicity Factors.
§ 3∙1. The rigid-field convention.
§ 3∙2. Scale-free systems.
§ 3∙3. Partition of the energy tensor.
§ 3∙4. Rigid coordinates.
§ 3∙5. The fine-structure constant.
§ 3∙6. Vector particles.
§ 3∙7. Mass-ratio of the proton and electron.
§ 3∙8. Radiant energy.

§ 1. The conditions of observability.
§ 2. The Gaussian distribution.
§ 3. Relative distribution functions.
§ 4. Relative wave functions.
§ 5. The weight function.
§ 6. Uranoids.
§ 7. Spherical space.
§ 8. The zero-temperature uranoid.
§ 9. Primitive observables.
§ 10[a]. V3 and V4 particles [incomplete].
§ 10[b]. V3 and V4 particles.

§ 3∙1. Idempotent vectors.
§ 3∙2. Spectral sets of particles.
§ 3∙3. The linear wave equation.
§ 3∙4. Matrix representation of E-numbers.
§ 3∙5. Wave vectors and tensors.
§ 3∙6[a]. Space tensors and strain tensors of the second rank.
§ 3∙7[a]. Angular momentum.
§ 3∙8. The differential wave equation.
§ 3∙6[b]. The differential wave equation.
§ 3∙7[b]. Angular momentum.

§ 73. Fermi-Dirac particles.
§ 74. Multiple occupation symbols.
§ 75. Wave functions.
§ 76. The wave representation of phase.
§ 77. The cosmical number.
§ 78. Epistemological foundations.
§ 79. The primitive measurement.

§ 1∙1. The conditions of observability.
§ 1∙2. Measurables.
§ 1∙3. The fundamental tensor.
§ 1∙4. The comparison fluid.
§ 1∙5. Wave functions.
§ 1∙6. Density and mass.

(Earlier than B2/17. Contains two-number references.)

§ 1. The conditions of observability.
§ 2. Correlation.
§ 3. The uncertainty of the origin.

(Earlier than B2/17. Contains a reference to an article by H. C. Corben in the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, xxxv (1939), 203.)

§ 9∙1. The general energy vector.
§ 9∙2. Charge and spin.
§ 9∙3. Reality conditions.
§ 9∙4. Combined transformations.
§ 9∙5. Hermitic wave tensors.
§ 9∙6. Reality conditions for space-time coordinates.
§ 9∙1[a]. The general energy vector.

§ 1∙1. Wave functions.
§ 1∙2. The fundamental tensor.
§ 1∙3. The comparison fluid.

§ 1. Relation between quantum theory and relativity theory.
§ 2. The standard of length.
§ 3. The two ways of representing energy.
§ 4. Representation of energy by curvature.
§ 5. Representation of energy by waves.
§ 6. Wave analysis of the uranoid.
§ 7. The specified particles.
§ 8. Determination of m/m0.
§ 9. Degeneracy pressure.
§ 10. The cosmical constants.
§ 11. The relation E/V=3P.
§ 12. The time-periodicity of wave functions.
§ 13. Nuclear physics.

(This appears to be the English original of a paper given by Eddington at Warsaw in 1938 and printed as ‘Applications cosmologiques de la théorie des quanta’ in Les nouvelles théories de la physique (Institut International de Coopération Intellectuelle, Paris, 1939).)

Introduction.

§ 28. Non-Coulombian energy.

(A typed copy of B3/14, with alterations which appear in the printed version B5/1.)