University of Cambridge Institute of Astronomy.—Describes the contents of the second of two boxes of Eddington papers formerly in the possession of Noel B. Slater.
Transcript
Hotel Bella Vista | Funchal
Saturday, March 15.
My very dear Mother
We arrived here yesterday in most summerlike weather, and today has been just as bright and warm. It is a lovely spot to have to stop at, although of course I am anxious to get on to the journey’s end. I am afraid we shall have to wait longer than was expected; the date of sailing is now supposed to be April 3, but one cannot rely on the boat times at all. The ship is called to Quelimane.
We reached Lisbon on the 12th about breakfast time, and all four went on shore. I cannot say what the time was because we had three times—ship’s time, Greenwich time and Summer Time, each differing about an hour—; it was most confusing; although summer-time is legally in force in Lisbon and, I believe, in Madeira most people stick to the old time.
Oom met us at the Quay and took us up to the Observatory in a motor car. We met the Director {1} (aged 82) a charming old man, who looked as little like a Vice-Admiral as one could imagine. The Observatory is in a fine park, and the almond blossom was full out and looked very bright. We spent about two hours there and then were motored down to the ship by a longer route through Belem. We had no chance of seeing either the steamer company or the planters, because they do not start business in Lisbon until 3 o’clock.
Lisbon seemed full of soldiers. They have disbanded all the police, but the country seems pretty quiet.
We left Lisbon about 5 o’clock and sailed down the Tagus by daylight—about 12 miles to the mouth of the river. Then we were out of sight of land until the morning of Friday (about 40 hours) when the Madeira islands appeared.
We got fine views of Madeira as we had to sail a good way round the main island to reach Funchal which is on the south coast. We all four landed about 11 o’clock (having seen that our baggage was alright) and spent an hour or two strolling round. Then we had a farewell lunch together at a restaurant. We saw Davidson & Crommelin on to the launch for the ship, and then Cottingham and I drove out to this hotel in a bullock sleigh. I expect I have told you, that except for a few motor cars there are no wheeled vehicles. All the carts and cabs are sleighs, drawn by bullocks, which slip quite easily over the cobbled streets. They put down grease in front of the sleigh to make it go easier. The streets, which are often very steep, are very slippery, and I soon found it necessary to buy a walking stick for support.
We are about 10 minutes walk from the centre of the town, and have beautiful views of the harbour and town and mountains from the balcony of this hotel. Especially at night it looks very fine with all the lights (street electric lamps) stretching a long way up the sides of the mountains. It is rather a large town and the houses are very scattered.
The Hotel is kept by English people, and in normal times there are large numbers of English visitors, so that English is spoken at most of the shops. But they have had a bad time during the war—scarcety† of most provisions except that sugar which is very widely grown here has been cheap & plentiful. Sugar cane & banana plantations abound everywhere, and vine pergolas, but the vines are not in leaf yet. The fruit in season now is almost solely bananas and nesperas (the latter is something like an apricot in appearance but tastes more like a cherry). We get some very good fish at meals, but otherwise they are chiefly English dishes.
It is too hot to walk very far, but we went four or five miles this afternoon near the coast. Inland the mountains rise almost at once to a height of 4000 or 5000 feet, so it requires some energy to go far.
The hotel has very nice, but small, gardens, which are bright with flowers. There are fine date palms and cactus’s of various kinds. I am finishing this on Sunday morning and the weather is just as bright and warm as ever. Another boat came in from Lisbon this morning, and there are a good many new arrivals at the hotel. I suppose there would be about 30 people here now, but it is not half full.
I hope you are getting on alright at home. It will be a long while before I get any news of you.
Much love from
your affectionate son
Stanley
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Numbered ‘2nd’ at the head. Two passages have been marked off and emended in pencil by a later hand.
{1} Vice-Admiral C. A. Campos Rodrigues, Director of the Observatory at Lisbon since 1890.
(See the general note on this file.)
§ 1∙9 [continued].
Part of an unidentified chapter.
§ 1∙9. Individual and statistical particles.
§ 1∙8. Electric charge.
Rough calculations.
§§ 1–2. [Unfinished.]
§ 4∙1. Double frames.
§ 4∙2. Interchange.
§ 4∙3. The dual frame.
§ 4∙4. Double phase space.
§ 4∙5[a]. The relation between mass and density.
§ 4∙6. [Untitled.]
§ 4∙5[b]. [Untitled.]
§ 61. The EF-frame.
§ 62. [Title missing.]
§ 63. The dual frame.
§ 64. Double phase space.
§ 65. The two strain tensors.
§ 66. The Riemann-Christoffel tensor.
(Marked by Slater: ‘Lectures as delivered orally.’ The date assigned to this document is the date the lectures were given.)
Memoranda.
Chapter III: Multiplicity Factors.
§ 3∙1. The rigid-field convention.
§ 3∙2. Scale-free systems.
§ 3∙3. Partition of the energy tensor.
§ 3∙4. Rigid coordinates.
§ 3∙5. The fine-structure constant.
§ 3∙6. Vector particles.
§ 3∙7. Mass-ratio of the proton and electron.
§ 3∙8. Radiant energy.
[Summary of Chapter IV.]
Chapter IV: Exclusion and Interchange.
§29. The phase coordinate.
§30. Mutual and self energy.
§31. Elision of comparison particles.
§32. Exclusion.
§33. The negative energy levels.
§35. The factor 3/5.
§36[a]. Interaction of V10 particles.
§38. Interchange.
§37[a]. The Newtonian potential.
§37[b]. The Newtonian potential.
§36[b]. The Newtonian potential.
§3∙1. The rigid-field.
§3∙2. Scale-free systems.
§3∙3. Allocation of the energy tensor.
§3∙4. Rigid coordinates.
§3∙5. The inversion of mass.
§3∙6. Standard particles and vector particles.
§3∙7. Mass-ratio of the proton and electron.
§3∙8. The fine-structure constant.
§3∙9. Radiant energy.
§ 19. Object-fields.
§ 20. The rigid-field convention.
§ 21. The rigid field in scale-free physics.
§ 22. Partition of the energy tensor.
§ 23. The inversion of energy.
§ 24. Rigid coordinates.
§ 25. Standard particles and vector particles.
§ 26. Transition particles.
§ 27. Protons and electrons.
§ 28. The mass m0.
(Formerly two chapters. The title was altered from ‘Fields and Particles’; ‘Chapter IV. Multiplicity Factors.’ has been struck through before § 25.)
§ 41. The symbolic frame.
§ 42. Miscellaneous properties of the E-symbols.
§ 43. Equivalence and chirality.
§ 44. Rotations.
§ 45. Real frames.
§ 46. Distinction between space and time.
§ 47. Neutral space-time.
§ 48. Strain vectors.
§ 49. Determinants and eigenvalues.
§ 50. Idempotency.
§ 51. Standard form of idempotent vectors.
§ 52. Spectral sets of particles.
§ 53. Dictionary of symbolic coefficients.
§ 1. Physical quantities.
§ 2. The definition of length.
§ 3. Molar theory and microscopic theory.
§ 3. Remarks on the definition.
§ 4. Length in an electromagnetic field.
(See the general note on this file.)
(This is an early version of part of a report to the Royal Society by the Joint Permanent Eclipse Committee. The latest date mentioned in it is 14 July 1919, and the report was received by the Society on 30 October and read on 6 November.)
Transcript
1912 Sept 11
R.M.S.P. Arlanza {1}
My very dear Mother
We are getting near Pernambuco now. The time at sea has passed very rapidly and pleasantly and I shall be very sorry when the voyage is over. The slightly overcast skies which we had about Madeira have given place to continual bright sunshine, but there has been a strong refreshing breeze always. Most of the regular travellers on this route say they have never known it so fresh and cool all the way. The only time I find it really hot is when I come down from the deck at night to the cabin; then for an hour or so it seems very close and I usually read for an hour to get cool again before going to sleep. The dining saloon, decks, & smoking rooms are beautifully cool. Of course I am wearing the thinnest things possible.
We did not land at St Vincent but were surrounded by boats (as at Madeira)[.] These were all occupied by negroes; the little nigger boys were very amusing[;] I tried to photograph them. I saw a shark whilst we were at anchor. We see lots of flying fish, regular shoals of them, skimming from wave to wave. Most of them are very small[,] almost like butterflies. They look very pretty in the sunlight.
I have got to know some of the southern stars now but they are poor compared with the northern ones. The Southern Cross is not visible yet[;] it is the wrong time of the year for it. The Chief Officer took me up on to “Monkey Island” above the Bridge where one gets a good clear view of the sky.
One day is much like another and I hardly keep account of time. We have had Sports, Games, Fancy Dress ball, etc. I went in for several of the Competitions—including spar-boxing (with the pillow), life-belt race, Are you there?, deck quoits, threading the needle (with Lady Grant holding the needle), but did not have much success, except at chess. I got to the Final Round at Chess, and had to play quite a young opponent for the final. We drew one game and he won the replay. They had a specially good dinner to celebrate the 90th Anniversary of the Independence of Brazil, and some speeches (chiefly in Portuguese)[,] also a dance which did not interest me.
Of course I know a good many people by now. One man that we see a great deal of is Major Caroll (an Irishman)[;] he is a very nice fellow. The Captain comes down to dinner generally; although he is said to be the most popular man in the service I dont care much for him. He seems generally grumbly—a pig-headed old man I think; though I have no doubt as a Captain he is very good indeed. Lady Grant also is a tiresome old lady, with an enormous appetite. The Unwins are quite nice people.
We pass a great number of ships chiefly tramp steamers. The Avon passed us quite close a few days ago and I saw it. We had one little excitement yesterday as a tramp steamer required a Doctor (a man having got an iron splinter in his eye) so we stopped whilst he was brought on board and attended to.
We crossed the Equator about 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon but there were no traditional observances; everyone (at the time[)] was excited about a tug-of-war Married v Single. Atkinson pulled in it as well as Davidson & I. The “married” were ever so much heavier than we were, and pulled us over easily.
It is curious having no letters or English news of any sort. We have not even had the daily Marconigram since leaving Lisbon—have heard nothing whatever. I hope you are getting on well.
We expected to be in the Doldrums the last three days—a region of calm close air with rain—but instead of that we have had delightful fresh weather[;] it is most unusual just here.
With very dear love from
your affectionate son
Stanley
I hope Winnie is having a got {2} time at Lynton[.]
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Letter-head of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. Numbered ‘3’ at the head in pencil.
{1} ‘R.M.S.P.’ is printed.
{2} A slip for ‘good’.
§ 1. The uncertainty of the origin.
§ 2. The physical origin.
§ 3. The Bernoulli fluctuation.
§ 4. The standard of length.
§ 5. Range of nuclear forces and the recession of the galaxies.
§ 6. Spherical space.
§ 7. Uranoids.
§ 8. The extraneous standard.
§ 9. Scale-free physics.
§ 10. Pseudo-discrete states.
§ 11. Stabilisation.
These papers are all manuscripts in Eddington’s hand, with the exception of B3/17, which is typed, and B3/12, which is a carbon copy of a typescript.
§ 1. The conditions of observability.
§ 2. Correlation.
§ 3. The uncertainty of the origin.
(Earlier than B2/17. Contains a reference to an article by H. C. Corben in the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, xxxv (1939), 203.)
(Pasted inside the back cover is a statement of Eddington’s account with the Clarendon Press in respect of sales of Stars and Atoms during the year ending 31 Mar. 1944.)