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Letter from A. S. Eddington to Winifred Eddington
EDDN/A/4/8 · Item · 5 May 1919
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

Transcript

Roça Sundy | Principe
May 5.

My dear Winifred

We are pretty well advanced in our work of erection and are taking a holiday today so I may as well start a letter to you. It seems ages since I started off in a rush in the taxi from the Observatory, and as I have only got Mother’s letter of March 14 as yet I do not know what has been happening to you for a long while—indeed I do not know what has been happening in the world in general—whether peace has been signed or any important events have occurred. I hope Punch is well and getting some walks, wish him many happy returns of his birthday from me; I expect you will not get this much before that event.

It was awfully nice having nearly four weeks in Madeira. I do not think the delay made much difference to us; if we could have gone on at once and reached here a month earlier we could have got some check photographs, though it would have been a rush getting the instruments ready in time. Failing that, there was not much object in arriving here earlier; and as things here have been managed very expeditiously, we are now making time for a week.

Cottingham & I get along very well, and I find him a very useful companion and good company. He is just 50, so, of course, is not fond of very much exercise, and generally preferred pottering round in Madeira and talking to the people; so I sometimes went off alone. For our last ten days I was very glad to find a more active companion in Geoffrey Turner, a very jolly boy keen on butterflies, on swimming and on chess, so we had several common interests.

I expect Mother sends on my letters to some of our relatives, so I did not mention in them, that I played roulette, of course not seriously, but enough to get a good idea of it and experience the ups and downs of fortune. I lost, like almost everyone else does, chiefly at the beginning, and then had pretty even fortune. I was about a £1 down, when I stopped; but I could not grudge it them, as it lasted for a number of afternoons’ play, to say nothing of the fact that I used the grounds of the Casino and had a very good & cheap tea there most afternoons during my stay.

It was a good thing to have some time at Madeira, because one got accustomed to hot weather. Out here the thermometer keeps steady at about 80° day and night; but one scarcely realises it is so hot. The evenings feel quite cool and refreshing. We have to wear sun-helmets out of doors almost always.

The ‘Portugal’ was a fairly good boat; but there were no games or facilities for exercise like on most boats, and (what surprised me very much) no deck-chairs for hire. Apparently they expected people to bring their own chairs. The time seemed to pass rather slowly, and even I was glad when we came to the end of the voyage. Of course the English and Portuguese did not mix very much; but we played games with them sometimes, and I think were quite popular on that account because the English usually keep aloof. We had “rings on the string” and “musical chairs” one afternoon.

The Portuguese here are a very superior type to those we have met before—in particular, they do not spit about all the time, and suck toothpicks at meals. Mr Carneiro is I believe very wealthy; he was going to Lisbon early this month, but postponed going especially in order to entertain us. No one speaks more than a few words of English except the two negroes Lewis & Wright, and in S. Antonio conversation is fragmentary because our friends there do not know French either. But here Mr Atalia and I plunge recklessly into very bad French, and can talk freely. Cottingham does not speak any French.

I wonder if you are still rationed. It seemed funny on the boat at starting to see full sugar-basins, unlimited butter, and to eat in a day about as much meat as would have been a week’s ration. We have had no scarcity of anything since we started. I have, however, scarcely tasted ham or bacon (eggs have been plentiful). The milk was not good on the Portugal, and I have got into the habit of taking tea without milk, which is the usual Portuguese custom & is probably better in hot climates. I cannot get any swimming here, because of the sharks.

There are several dogs about here, one of them rather a nice terrier; but for the most part they are not up to much. Nipper the dog at the hotel attached himself to me very much and followed me almost everywhere, although I did not encourage him at all, as he was neither beautiful nor free from fleas. He used to like to come and spend hours hunting lizards whilst we bathed.

It gets dark here about 6 o’clock, and as one does not sit much inside the house, one does not want to stay up long. I am usually quite ready for bed by half-past eight!

Please give my kind regards to Mr Green. I hope he is getting on alright. I think I shall be back home not much later than the middle of July.

With much love from
your affectionate brother
Stanley

[Added at the head:] [I send {1} a letter to mother a few days ago which will probably arrive by same mail. This letter assumes you have read hers.] {2}

—————

Three passages have been marked off in pencil by a later hand.

{1} A slip for ‘sent’.

{2} The square brackets are in the MS.

Letter from A. S. Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington
EDDN/A/4/9 · Item · 21 June and 2 July 1919
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

Transcript

S.S. “Zaire”
1919 June 21

My very dear Mother

I will write a little to tell you about the rest of my experiences in Principe; but it is doubtful if you will receive this before I arrive. I have only had two letters from you—the second written about March 28 reached me about May 11. Since then there have been no mails from Europe, and in fact we expect to pass tomorrow (at S. Vincent) the outward boat which will be taking the next batch of letters to Principe.

We stayed just a week at Sundy on our first visit, then returned to S. Antonio for a week, and finally returned to Sundy on May 13 and stayed there until our steamer sailed on June 12. Nothing much happened during the week at S. Antonio except that most afternoons we played tennis, generally with the Curador and Judge.

We were ready to take the first photographs about May 16, and as the nights were generally clear we had no difficulty in getting the check photographs. These had to be taken between 12∙30 and 1 a.m; we took them on three different nights. The developing also had to be done at night and, owing to the special difficulties due to the high temperature of the water (78°), was a slow business. So we were often up pretty late during this period. In the day time I had a good deal of work measuring these check photographs.

The last heavy rain fell about May 9 and shortly afterwards the Gravana or cool season began. There was practically no rain, but a good deal of cloud in the day-time, and the conditions seemed rather less favourable for the eclipse than during the rainy season. However there were a number of beautifully clear days, and usually at least part of the day was clear. The two days before the eclipse were about the most unfavourable we had.

On the morning of the eclipse Mr Carneiro, the Curador, Judge, Mr Wright and three Doctors came over. Just as they arrived a tremendous rain-storm came on, the heaviest we have seen. It was most unusual at that time of the year; but it was favourable for the eclipse as it helped to clear the sky. The rain stopped about no[o]n (the eclipse was at 2∙15). There were a few gleams of sunshine after the rain, but it soon clouded over again. About 1∙30 when the partial phase was well advanced, we began to get glimpses of the sun, at 1∙55 we could see the crescent (through cloud) almost continuously, and there were large patches of clear sky appearing. We had to carry out our programme of photographs in faith. I did not see the eclipse, being too busy changing plates, except for one glance to make sure it had begun, and another half-way through to see how much cloud there was. We took 16 photographs (of which 4 are not yet developed). They are all good pictures of the sun, showing a very remarkable prominence; but the cloud has interfered very much with the star-images. The first 10 photographs show practically no stars. The last 6 show a few images which I hope will give us what we need; but it is very disappointing. Everything shows that our arrangements were quite satisfactory, and with a little clearer weather we should have got splendid results. Ten minutes after the eclipse the sky was beautifully clear, but it soon clouded again.

We developed the photographs 2 each night for 6 nights after the eclipse, and I spent the whole day measuring. The cloudy weather upset my plans and I had to treat the measures in a different way from what I had intended; consequently I have not been able to make any preliminary announcements of the result. But the one good plate that I measured gave a result agreeing with Einstein and I think I have got a little confirmation from a second plate.

We had a number of excursions to different places on the island chiefly on Sundays. We had a monkey-hunting expedition, but did not see any except in the distance. We were singularly unfortunate in not seeing monkeys because there are enormous crowds of them about and numbers of men are employed simply in scaring them away from the cocoa. Another interesting expedition was to Lola, a dependency of Sundy where there was a specially fine crop of cocoa. It was a very fine sight to see the large golden pods in such numbers—almost as though the forest had been hung with Chinese lanterns.

Another day we went to Lapa in the estate of the Sociedade Agricultura Colonial and had lunch on the beach off fish which we watched being caught. Lapa is a very beautiful spot at the foot of a fine sugar-loaf mountain. All the beaches are very pretty—a strip of golden sand between the cocoanut palms and the blue sea. I had a good bathe at Lapa—the only time in Principe,—a black man went with me to see that I did not go too near the sharks.

Another time we went to near Bombom to see the ruins of the palace of Marie Corelli (that was not quite her name, but it was something very near it). She was a famous slave dealer about ninety years ago. Her palace on the beach is all in ruins but it must have been a huge place. Her church is there also—quite a fine ruin.

We liked Mr Atalia immensely. He was very lively and amusing and extremely good to us in every way. After dinner we used to sit out in front of the house and there was generally a succession of natives came up to interview him on all sorts of matters. They evidently have great respect and confidence in him.

We had to return by this boat the “Zaire” (although it was rather earlier than I liked) because there will not be another boat leaving Principe until about August 1. There has been a dispute between the company and the government about passage rates, and no boats have left Lisbon for a long while. This boat is tremendously crowded and we should not have got a passage on it; but for the help of the Governor who managed to get places commandeered for us.

I got a bit of fever two days before starting (otherwise I have had splendid health all the time) and was feeling rather bad when I got on board but the sea-air has soon set me right again. It left me a bit weak for the first three or four days—in fact I fainted one night—but it has quite gone now.

Mr. Carneiro is on the ship—returning to Portugal for three months. There are also 4 English missionaries from Angola. They knew about us from Mrs Williams the missionary we met on the Portugal. One of them Mrs Stober is a friend (a Williamson of Cockermouth) related to John Hall. Her husband (who is not a Friend) is a very nice fellow; he was the founder of the mission.

It has been a little rougher this voyage than when we came out; but nothing to speak of. Of course, a lot of passengers have been ill; it is very bad for them being so crowded on the boat. There are lots of children and in some cabins there are as many as seven people. There are three in our cabin—a Portuguese and Cottingham & myself.

We reached Praia last night after 8¼ days from Principe. This is a slow boat and I do not expect we shall reach Lisbon until June 30.

We were very delighted to receive a telegram from Dyson saying that the Brazil party had been successful; we often wondered how they were getting on.

I suppose I shall be back about July 10. I shall look forward to the strawberries, which are better than anything they have in the tropics.

With very dear love to both
Your affectionate son
Stanley

Lisbon, July 2. I expect we shall reach Liverpool about July 15 by R.M.S.P. Line. Ships very crowded and scarce.

—————

The postscript was written in pencil. Two passages have been marked off in pencil by a later hand.

Chapter IV: Gravitation and Exclusion
EDDN/B/1/6 · Item · July 1944
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 34. Unsteady states.
§ 35. Under-observation.
§ 36. Structural and predictive theory.
§ 37. Physical and geometrical distribution functions.
§ 38. The weight function.
§ 39. The genesis of proper mass.
§ 40. Absolute determination of m0.
§ 41. Exclusion.
§ 42. The negative energy levels.
§ 43. Determination of m0 by exclusion theory.
§ 44. Super-dense matter.
§ 45. The degeneracy pressure.

Chapter V: The Planoid
EDDN/B/1/7 · Item · July 1944
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 46. Uranoid and planoid.
§ 47. Interchange of extracules.
§ 48. The special planoid.
§ 49. The energy of two protons.
§ 50. Non-Coulombian energy.
§ 51. The constant of gravitation.
§ 52. Molar and nuclear constants.

Chapter VI: The Complete Momentum Vector
EDDN/B/1/8 · Item · July 1944
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 53. The symbolic frame.
§ 54. Miscellaneous properties of E-symbols.
§ 55. Equivalence and chirality.
§ 56. Rotations.
§ 57. Five-dimensional theory.
§ 58. Ineffective relativity transformations.
§ 59. Strain vectors.
§ 60. Real and imaginary E-symbols.
§ 61. Reality conditions.
§ 62. Distinction between space and time.
§ 63. Neutral space-time.
§ 64. Congruent spaces.
§ 65. Determinants and eigenvalues.

Chapter VIII
EDDN/B/2/3 · Item · Oct. 1944
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 76[a]. Angular momentum.
§ 74[a]. Polar coordinates.
§ 74[b]. The differential wave equation.
§ 75. The symbolic frame in relative space.
§ 76[b]. Reality conditions in relative space.
§ 77[a]. Relation of quantal and scale-free physics.
§ 77[b]. Relation of quantal and scale-free physics.
§ 78. The metastable states of hydrogen.
§ 79. Particle and wave properties.
§ 80. The internal wave equation.

(§ 76[a] was renumbered from 73, but the equations were not renumbered accordingly.)

Chapter VI: Wave Vectors
EDDN/B/2/6 · Item · Mar.–Dec. 1943
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 51. Idempotency.
§ 52. Standard form of idempotent vectors.
§ 53. Spectral sets.
§ 54. Table of symbolic coefficients.
§ 55. The wave identities.
§ 56. Matrix representation of E-numbers.
§ 57. Factorisation of E-numbers.
§ 58. Wave tensors.
§ 59. Phase space.
§ 60. Space tensors of the second rank.
§ 61. The quantum-classical analogy.
§ 62[a]. Space tensors of the second rank.
§ 62[b]. The symbolic frame in relative space.
§ 63. Reality conditions in relative space.

(Drafted Mar. 1943, revised Dec. 1943. The chapter number has been altered in pencil to ‘VII’.)

Chapter I: The Uncertainty of the Reference Frame
EDDN/B/2/13 · Item · Dec. 1942–Aug. 1943
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 1. The uncertainty of the origin.
§ 2. The Gaussian distribution.
§ 3. The Bernoulli fluctuation.
§ 4. The standard of length.
§ 5. Range of nuclear forces and the recession of the galaxies.
§ 6. Non-uniform curvature.
§ 7. Uranoids.
§ 8. The extraneous standard.
§ 9. Scale-free physics.
§ 10. Pseudo-discrete distributions.
§ 11. Stabilisation.

(Drafted Dec. 1942; revised Aug. 1943.)

Chapter VII: Double Frames
EDDN/B/2/15 · Item · May 1943
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 61. The EF-frame.
§ 62. Chirality of the double frame.
§ 63. The interchange operator.
§ 64. Duals.
§ 65. The CD-frame.
§ 66. Double phase space.
§ 67. The uranoid and the aether.
§ 68. The tensor identities.
§ 69. The quantum-classical analogy.
§ 70. Recoil rotations.
§ 71. Transformation to a relative frame.

Chapter VII. Double Frames
EDDN/B/2/22 · Item · Apr. 1943
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 61. The EF-frame.
§ 62. [Title missing.]
§ 63. The dual frame.
§ 64. Double phase space.
§ 65. The two strain tensors.
§ 66. The Riemann-Christoffel tensor.

Chapter III: Multiplicity Factors
EDDN/B/2/26 · Item · [before July 1942]
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§3∙1. The rigid-field.
§3∙2. Scale-free systems.
§3∙3. Allocation of the energy tensor.
§3∙4. Rigid coordinates.
§3∙5. The inversion of mass.
§3∙6. Standard particles and vector particles.
§3∙7. Mass-ratio of the proton and electron.
§3∙8. The fine-structure constant.
§3∙9. Radiant energy.

Chapter V: The Complete Momentum Vector
EDDN/B/2/28 · Item · [c. Mar. 1943]
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 41. The symbolic frame.
§ 42. Miscellaneous properties of the E-symbols.
§ 43. Equivalence and chirality.
§ 44. Rotations.
§ 45. Real frames.
§ 46. Distinction between space and time.
§ 47. Neutral space-time.
§ 48. Strain vectors.
§ 49. Determinants and eigenvalues.
§ 50. Idempotency.
§ 51. Standard form of idempotent vectors.
§ 52. Spectral sets of particles.
§ 53. Dictionary of symbolic coefficients.

Chapter II: The Uncertainty of Scale
EDDN/B/2/32 · Item · [before July 1942]
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 2∙1. The Bernoulli fluctuation.
§ 2∙2. The standard of length.
§ 2∙3. Non-uniform curvature of space.
§ 2∙4. The extraneous standard.
§ 2∙5. Pseudo-discrete wave functions.

(The title of § 2∙5 was altered from ‘Occupation factors’.)

[Chapter I]
EDDN/B/3/7 · Item · [early 1940s]
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

§ 1∙1. Wave functions.
§ 1∙2. The fundamental tensor.

(Marked by Slater ‘later than h [i.e. B3/8]’.)

The Combination of Relativity Theory and Quantum Theory
EDDN/B/3/14 · Item · [Aug.–Sept. 1942]
Parte de Papers of Sir Arthur Eddington

Introduction.

Part I: The Uncertainty of the Reference Frame.
§ 1. The uncertainty of the origin.
§ 2. The Bernoulli fluctuation.
§ 3. The standard of length.
§ 4. Range of nuclear forces and the recession of the nebulae.
§ 5. Uranoids.
§ 6. The extraneous standard and scale-free physics.
§ 7. Stabilised characteristics.
§ 8. Pseudo-discrete states.

Part II: Multiplicity Factors.
§ 9. The rigid field treatment.
§ 10. Rigid fields in scale-free physics.
§ 11. Standard carriers.
§ 12. Mass-ratio of the proton and electron.
§ 13. The inversion of quantum energy.
§ 14. Rigid coordinates.
§ 15. Mutual and self energy.

Part III: Electrical Theory.
§ 16. Interchange of comparison particles.
§ 17. Electric energy.
§ 18. The β-factors.
§ 19. The fine structure constant.
§ 20. Comparison with observation.

Part IV: Gravitation, Exclusion and Interchange.
§ 21. Physical and geometrical momenta.
§ 22. The creation of proper mass.
§ 23. Determination of m0 and m.
§ 24. The constant of gravitation.
§ 25. Exclusion.
§ 26. The negative energy levels
§ 27. Interchange of external particles.
§ 28. Non-Coulombian energy.

(For the date, see Slater, p. 12. The titles of §§ 11 and 22 were altered respectively from ‘Initial and transition energy’ and ‘The origin of proper mass’.)