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James Henry Monk was born in 1784, son of Charles Monk, an army officer, and his wife Sarah née Waddington. He was educated in Norwich and at the Charterhouse before being admitted to Trinity College Cambridge in 1800, by which time he was under the guardianship of his uncle George Waddington a former Fellow of the College. Monk was elected a Scholar in 1801 and graduated BA in 1804 and was elected a Fellow of Trinity in the following year. In 1809 he was elected Regius Professor of Greek at Cambridge in succession to Richard Porson, and held the office until 1823. For Trinity he was a tutor, sharing a side with John Brown between 1815 and 1823.
In 1823 Monk became Dean of Peterborough and in 1830 Canon of Westminster and Bishop of Gloucester. Six years later the see was united with the see of Bristol and he oversaw both as Bishop of Glouster and Bristol until his death in 1856.